Thus, what might determine eventual successful vs. sporadic transmission and propagation of HDV with non-HBV helper viruses would reside in the balance between biochemical and virological compatibility of HDV RNP with the GPs of these helper viruses vs. potential immunological mechanisms of interference, though the immune status of individuals, such as immune suppression, may also favor transmission of such HDV co-infections. The gene discussed is RNPC3; the disease is coinfection.