IFNG and parasitic infectious disease: Similarly, the lack of expression of pro-inflammatory IFN-γ, essential for controlling parasite infection [1, 46], and anti-inflammatory IL-4 and IL-10, related to placental protection during N. caninum infections [8, 9], lead us to hypothesize that the upregulation of IL-12p40, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 observed in vivo could be attributed to immune cells present in the placenta, such as dendritic cells, NK cells or macrophages.