In addition, TNF-α, through the NF-κβ signalling pathway, coordinates the inflammatory response via the induction of other cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6) and chemokines (IL-8) and via the upregulation of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) [30, 31], playing a role favouring protective immunity in infectious diseases [32]. Here, VCAM1 is linked to infectious disease.