Children with DKA showed significantly higher serum concentrations of NSE at the three time points: admission (13.9±2.8 ng/mL); 12 hours (27.8±2.3 ng/mL); and 24 hours (36.7±5.6 ng/mL) after starting treatment compared to children with T1DM without DKA (10.2±2.2 ng/mL, p<0.01) and to healthy controls (5.17±1.5 ng/mL, p<0.01). The gene discussed is ENO2; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.