INS and diabetes mellitus: To investigate the effect of the sting crude extracts as the enhancers on the in vivo skin permeation of the insulin and insulin sensitizers, diabetes-induced ICR7 mice were smeared with Dm, Ut, or Ao at 2 mg/mL or Ca at 0.25 mg/mL with/without insulin (10 pM; 0.17 U), curcumin (20 μg/mL), or rutin (80 μg/mL), respectively; followed by the oral gavage of glucose and blood sampling.