For example, CAFs produce an abundance of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) that renders cholangiocarcinoma and pancreatic cancer cells resistant to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) by activating the insulin receptor (IR)/insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) signaling axis [85,86]. Here, IGF2 is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.