Collectively, our data support the hypothesis that the reduced levels of IFN-β in Eritoran-treated mice prior to 2° S. pneumoniae infection preclude training of the macrophages, possibly by preventing IFN-inducible epigenetic changes, such that neutrophil chemokines are able to be induced upon Sp3 infection (Fig. 3a). The gene discussed is IFNB1; the disease is infection.