INS and diabetes mellitus: Multiple regression analysis for congenital malformations/intrauterine death among the PDM mothers revealed that only early pregnancy BMI > 30 kg/m2 remained associated with the outcome, AOR 0.85 (0.73–0.99), p = 0.03; while GWG, ethnicity, duration of diabetes and mean dose of long acting insulin at gestational week 26–28 lost their significances (p = 0.4–1.0).