Previous neuropathological studies hypothesized that invasive glioblastoma cells must possess an intrinsic capability to infiltrate white matter despite its anti-migratory features [17], in addition to mechanisms involving microvessels [2] and ultra-long astrocytoma membrane protrusions as routes for brain invasion [40, 58] as well as mitogenic factors such as neuroligin-3 [54, 55]. The gene discussed is NLGN3; the disease is astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).