Oxidative damage, accompanied by the initiation of antioxidant protective mechanisms (e.g. Sod, Gsta4 mtFE scores heatmap, Fig. 6e) can provoke retrograde redox signaling from the organelle to the cytosol and nucleus, and reprogram cellular metabolism to maximize macromolecule biosynthesis for cancer growth and proliferation48. This evidence concerns the gene GSTA4 and cancer.