TLR9 and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: In this study, we used a synthetic TLR-9 agonist, CpG, but topical immunostimulation with a TLR-7 agonist (Imiquimod/Aldara®) has been used for some time in patients with benign genital HPV-lesions and has shown benefit in conjunction with E7/E6 vaccination in patients with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia [13].