MDC1 and Familial prostate cancer: The overall incidence of DDR pathway alterations in localized prostate cancer approaches 30%. To assess the potential pathologic significance of DDR pathway in localized prostate cancer, we analyzed the TCGA prostate cancer database for mutations or copy number alterations of the following twelve genes (CHEK1, CHEK2, RAD51, BRCA1, BRCA2, MLH1, MSH2, ATM, ATR, MDC1, PARP1, and FANCF).