APC and cancer: According to this model, twelve major signaling pathways drive cancer growth and include (a) cell survival: PI3K (phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase), MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), RAS (rat sarcoma), STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription), cell cycle/apoptosis, and TGFβ (transforming growth factor β); (b) cell fate: NOTCH, HH (Hedgehog), APC (Adenomatous polyposis coli), chromatin modification, and transcriptional regulation; and (c) genome maintenance: DNA damage control related pathways [59].