TNF and chronic endometritis: Interestingly, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been described in gynecological diseases of infectious origin, as is the case of high MCP-1 in abdominal-pelvic adhesions (Zeyneloglu et al., 1998), or increased IL-1b, IL-6, and TNFα in menstruation from infertile patients with chronic endometritis (Tortorella et al., 2014), supporting the implication of bacterial pathogens causing CE in the growth of these pro-inflammatory molecules in the endometrium.