MIF and infection: Cytokines that are upregulated during acute human infection include IL-6, IL-16, IL-17, IP-10, MCP-1, MIF, stromal cell-derived factor-1α, IL-1rα, IL-2rα, G-CSF, GM-CSF, VEGF, IL-7, IL-12p40, and IFN-α2 [28–30].