CSF2 and neoplasm: We previously developed in vitro pre-clinical assays to test the potential of OVs to support the activation of human innate (dendritic cells [DCs] and NK cells) and adaptive (cytotoxic T lymphocytes [CTLs]) anti-tumor immunity.22, 24, 25, 26 To initially address the immunogenicity of HSVGM-CSF, we pulsed the virus onto peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) taken from healthy donors and melanoma patients and examined activation of NK cells.