Importantly, in terms of clinical application of VPA with HSVGM-CSF, the doses of VPA used to potentiate direct oncolysis and anti-tumor immunity would be clinically achievable, with current therapeutic ranges for epilepsy and mania ranging between 20–125 mg/L (0.15–0.87 mM), only marginally lower than the doses utilized in this study; higher serum concentrations are clinically achievable with appropriate monitoring for additional toxicity.54, 55. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is neoplasm.