CD274 and hepatocellular carcinoma: A recent study has demonstrated that induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress in HCC cell lines induces secretion of EVs that contain abundant miR-23a-3p, and HCC-derived EVs induce elevated expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in macrophages in vivo and in vitro leading to T-cell dysfunction and impaired proliferation [19].