TLR4 and infection: Since it is known that shed GP can bind to and activate TLR4 similar to LPS [167,168,169], these collective results may imply that shed GP, virions, and/or GP-associated EVs may be able to bind to TLR4 in vivo, thus activating monocytes to release higher levels of MCP-1 on EV surfaces in order to recruit additional monocytes to the local site of infection, thereby drawing future targets to the virus.