AR and breast carcinoma: Endogenous androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS), such as testosterone (T) and its more active derivative, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) play a key role in the development and progression of hormone-dependent prostate cancer in men [1] and may also exert a direct activating or inhibitory effect on the growth of certain female breast cancers primarily by influencing the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway [2,3].