IRF5 and Cowden disease: A follow-up GWAS showed that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), NKX2-3, and CARD9 associated with the innate immune response pathway, TNFSF15, protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2), IL12B, and interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) related to the adaptive immune response pathway, and NOD2/CARD15, ATG16L1, and the immunity-related guanosine triphosphatase M (IRGM), related to autophagy and intracellular bacterial handling were associated with CD, improving our understanding of the pathophysiology of CD [12,27,28].