As anti-inflammatory pathways—such as the cytokines IL-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), regulatory T cells (Tregs), tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)—miss immune response in IBD (Figure 1), treatments aimed at bolstering them have been investigated for years. Here, CSF2 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.