TGFB1 and inflammatory bowel disease: As anti-inflammatory pathways—such as the cytokines IL-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), regulatory T cells (Tregs), tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)—miss immune response in IBD (Figure 1), treatments aimed at bolstering them have been investigated for years.