Oral administration of a specific Smad7 antisense oligonucleotide dampens inflammation by upregulating phosphorylated Smad3 in experimental murine models with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)- and oxazolone-induced colitis, which are both characterized by mucosal increase in TGF-β and Smad7 and reproduce CD and UC, respectively [40]. Here, SMAD7 is linked to colitis.