STAT3 and neoplasm: These pro-tumorigenic cytokines include interleukin (IL)-6, IL-11, IL-21 and IL-22 that activate the STAT3 transcription factor; TNFα, IL-1 and IL-18 that activate NF-κB; and the IL-23 to IL-17 axis of inflammation that activates both STAT3 and NF-κB in tumor cells [37, 38] (Figure 1).