PTPA and atherosclerosis: Oestrogen receptor activation in vascular smooth muscle cells activates a PP2A‐Akt cascade to inhibit the cell growth and migration that is essential for atherosclerosis.47 Acute activation of oestrogen receptors on cardiac myocytes has repeatedly been shown to protect against ischemia‐reperfusion injury,48, 49 while ERβ activation mediates anti‐hypertrophic effects by promoting the sequestration of transcription factors away from the nucleus50 and by inhibiting activation of the pro‐hypertrophic calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II.51