In NSCLC, clinical data on neoadjuvant immunomodulatory treatment is scarce but few encouraging trials investigating anti-PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibition prior to surgery for NSCLC patients are currently ongoing (e.g. NCT02938624; NCT03217071; NCT02818920; NCT02259621). Here, CD274 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.