Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA)40 using the IFNA2, IFNB1, IFW1, IFNG, TNF, IL12, and the IFN Core signature genes (Supplementary Data 2) were employed to determine the relative enrichment of these signatures in SLE patient and control whole blood (WB) or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.