TNF and osteoarthritis: In SLE synovium, all six signatures were significantly enriched in SLE patients compared to control osteoarthritis (OA) tissue (p < .05) and the effect size was the greatest for the IFNB1 signature (g = 18.6), followed by IFNA2 (g = 13.7), IFNW1 (g = 13), IFNG (g = 11.3), IL12 (g = 7.6), and TNF (g = 5.6)(Fig. 2b).