Overall, IFNA2, -IFNB1, -IFNW1, -IFNG, MS-IFNB1, and HepC-IFNA2 downstream signatures were all significantly discriminatory (p < .05, two-way ANOVA) between SLE and controls, whereas the MS-IFNB1 signature in the DLE and synovium significantly discriminated (p < .05; two-way ANOVA) between SLE, the other IFN signatures and controls (Supplementary Data 4). This evidence concerns the gene IFNW1 and systemic lupus erythematosus.