FGF23 and heart failure: Indeed, elevated FGF23 in CKD is independently associated with cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality,7–10 and is thought to contribute mechanistically to development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), which is an important precursor of heart failure in patients with CKD.11–15 Novel therapeutic strategies are needed to target FGF23 elevation and bone and cardiac disease in CKD.