Consistent with this idea, it has been reported that DS fetuses displayed several developmental vascular defects revealed by ultrasound scanning (Chaoui, 2005), whereas DS adults suffered a significantly higher risk of hemorrhagic stroke, as shown in a large cohort study (Sobey et al., 2015), suggesting potential dual roles of DYRK1A in these vascular disorders. This evidence concerns the gene DYRK1A and hemorrhagic stroke.