IGFBP1 and HIV infectious disease: It is not clear whether inflammatory cytokines in the placental environment of HIV-1 infected mothers [66–69] or direct effect of HIV infection on syncytial trophoblasts lead to subtle dysregulation of IGF1, IGFBP1, MMP2, MMP9, ANG1, ANG2 and Gal-13 expression in the placenta [70].