The anti-tumor signaling pathways of fucoidan anti-angiogenesis include inhibition of the VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2)/Erk/VEGF signaling pathway [67], down-regulation of MMP-2 activity and VEGF/hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling [68], and reduction of angiogenesis through AKT/MMP-2 signaling pathways by activating JNK and p38 [69], etc. Here, HIF1A is linked to neoplasm.