TNF and neoplasm: Moreover, tumor cells can activate in a paracrine fashion the UPR in tumor-infiltrated myeloid cells (DCs, MDSCs) that adopt an immunosuppressive phenotype, showing an impaired antigen presenting capacity, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNFα, IL-23, ...)as well as other immune-restraining factors (Mahadevan et al., 2011, 2012).