Most importantly, in contrast to oncolytic virus, the anti-tumor activity observed in tumor-bearing mice treated with RRV-scFv-PDL1 in our studies is not associated with or primed by innate antiviral immunity as shown by 100% RRV-GFP infected tumor’s growth kinetics (included as one of the control groups rather than naïve tumors). Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.