Macrophages were stimulated with LpqH, live M. tuberculosis, or gamma-irradiated M. tuberculosis. After overnight stimulation of macrophages with live M. tuberculosis, VDR expression was markedly increased in participants with previous extrapulmonary TB compared to persons with previous pulmonary TB, LTBI, and uninfected TB contacts (Table 2 and Fig. 1). Here, VDR is linked to tuberculosis.