However, the prognosis for UTUC is generally poorer than that for bladder cancer (3); clinically effective prognostic predictors with a high specificity for UTUC has not been established such as prostate specific antigen (PSA) for prostate cancer and a-fetoprotein (AFP) or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for testicular tumors. Here, AFP is linked to prostate cancer.