Our present in vitro and in vivo data provide evidence that robust administration of anti-inflammatory paracrine factors contained in the MSC-Ex preparation inhibited T-cell-driven inflammatory responses via reductions in the levels of IFN-γ (Th1 cell marker), IL-17 (Th17 cell marker), IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 (Th2 cell marker) and B-cell-mediated serum IgE (Figs 1, 3 and 5), which were reported in chronic colitis models15. Here, IFNG is linked to Chronic colitis.