MAP1LC3A and infection: During the infection, various types of Ub chains, such as K63 and K48 Ub chains, have been demonstrated to form Ub coat surrounding the pathogens for recognition by a range of autophagy receptors, including p62 (SQSTM1), NBR1, and NDP52, which couple the Ub-decorated substrates and LC3, an autophagosomal membrane-associated protein, to trap bacteria into autophagosomes2–5.