SHH and urinary bladder cancer: Non-muscle-invasive carcinoma, for example, is derived from Shh-positive basal epithelial cells, which have been previously identified as cells of origin of bladder cancer (Shin et al., 2014a), via a papillary pathway by maintaining active Hh signaling, in which Shh is expressed in the epithelium and the Hh response occurs in the stroma.