ATXN2 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Using Drosophila, we show that knockdown of Ref1 suppresses the toxicity of multiple related ALS/FTD genes (TDP-43, TDP-43 with Ataxin-2, and G4C2), providing the first evidence that it can mediate TDP-43-associated toxicity independent of G4C2 [16].