Additionally, levels of all tested markers in the squamous cell carcinoma group and total cervical cancer group were notably higher than in the dysplasia group (medians for M-CSF, VEGF, CA 125 and SCC-Ag were 312.34 pg/ml, 62.60 pg/ml, 14.90 U/ml and 0.8 ng/ml respectively) (p < 0.001). This evidence concerns the gene CSF1 and squamous cell carcinoma.