Hematopoietic cytokines participate in hematopoiesis regulation, but they also appear to play a crucial role in the development of cancers e.g. increased levels of M-CSF in ovarian [53, 55], endometrial [56], breast [52, 57–59] and cervical cancer or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia patients [60]. The gene discussed is CSF1; the disease is cervical cancer.