In addition, GSK-3 inhibitors and lithium treatment provided the direct evidence of GSK-3 involvement in the pathology of FXS by reducing audiogenic seizure activity, improved performance on the open field elevated plus maze and passive avoidance tests [171], improved social defects [172], rescue of the hippocampus-dependent learning deficits [173], and improved cognitive deficits [174] in the Fmr1 KO mouse. The gene discussed is FMR1; the disease is fragile X syndrome.