ATF2 and neoplasm: ATX secreted from tumor and stromal cells induces LPA, which enhances NF-κB expression via the PKC or AKT pathway, induces ATF-2 via the Rho-CDC42-p38 MAPK pathway, and activates STAT3 and STAT5, which induces the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and COX-2 [32,33,34,35].