Across all lung cancers, high expression of five of the 52 genes is associated with significantly worse outcome in patients who received chemotherapy (N = 176): SLC2A1, S100A11, GAPDH, FABP5, and ARNTL2. The latter two are also associated with worse outcomes in patients who received radiotherapy (N = 70), with hazard ratios of 2.34 and 3.25, respectively. Here, GAPDH is linked to lung cancer.