TNF and osteoporosis: That the more pro-inflammatory state of the experienced immune system with high numbers of TNFα producing effector memory T cells could be responsible for reduced bone formation or even bone loss is also mirrored in previous studies where activated T cells have been correlated to bone loss in conditions of inflammation and autoimmune disorders (62, 63), osteoporosis models (64, 65), or even periodontitis and cancer (66–68).