That the more pro-inflammatory state of the experienced immune system with high numbers of TNFα producing effector memory T cells could be responsible for reduced bone formation or even bone loss is also mirrored in previous studies where activated T cells have been correlated to bone loss in conditions of inflammation and autoimmune disorders (62, 63), osteoporosis models (64, 65), or even periodontitis and cancer (66–68). Here, TNF is linked to cancer.