In the case of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies, a variety of biological factors contribute to treatment resistance, including lack of cancer antigens recognizable by T cells, impaired cancer-antigen presentation, impaired activation of cancer-specific T cells, poor infiltration of T cells into tumors, and accumulation of immunosuppressive factors and cells in the tumor microenvironment (15). Here, PDCD1 is linked to cancer.