TNF and neoplasm: In TNBC, sequencing, serum-profiling and immunohistochemistry studies of small patient cohorts provided initial evidence to relevance of high expression of the two cytokines or of their signaling components to metastasis in TNBC patients (50–53); in parallel, studies in animal models have demonstrated causative tumor-promoting roles for TNFα and IL-1β in TNBC (52, 54–59).