Interestingly, infection with intracellular bacteria (e.g., Mycobaterium tuberculosis, Listeria and Toxoplasma) could functionally restore the CX3CR1−Langerin−CD8+ cDC1 compartment in Batf3 KO mice, while these mice still lack the majority of splenic Langerin+CD8+ cDC1 (100, 101). Here, MPPE1 is linked to infection.