With respect to constipation and gastrointestinal symptoms presented by patients, α-synuclein inclusions have been detected in colon biopsies up to 8 years before the onset of motor symptoms of PD and, although the studies are not consistent, it is believed that the presence of extracellular α-synuclein is associated with acute and chronic inflammatory conditions of the intestine (82). The gene discussed is SNCA; the disease is Parkinson disease.