Similarly, it is unknown whether the anti-inflammatory effect of these derivatives relies either on the induction of IL-22 and down-regulation of T cell-derived cytokines (e.g. IFN-γ and TNF-α), as previously shown for Ficz (Monteleone et al., 2012), or on the control of other mucosal cell types (e.g., epithelial cells, dendritic cells, fibroblasts), which are involved during the effector and healing phases of TNBS-colitis. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is colitis.