Thus, activators of PPAR-γ, such as thiazolidinediones (TZD), improve the insulin response of adipose tissue by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α (Sharma and Staels, 2007), and by increasing the levels of adiponectin (Combs et al., 2002), an anti-inflammatory adipokine that is downregulated in states of insulin resistance such as obesity or type 2 diabetes (T2D) (Statnick et al., 2000). Here, TNF is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.