TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Consistent with this, mammalian cells incubated with protein or exosomes extracted from ALS and FTLD brain homogenates formed TDP-43 CTFs of the same molecular weight as those detected by immunoblotting of the brain lysates (Nonaka et al., 2009; Furukawa et al., 2011; Iguchi et al., 2016; Smethurst et al., 2016).