Moreover, TLR4 has been reported to be strongly associated with neurodegenerative diseases (specifically, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease) and atherosclerosis owing to its involvement in the formation of the NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome through the LPS-mediated activation of NF-κB, which subsequently leads to expression of NLRP3 and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β)9. Here, NLRP3 is linked to neurodegenerative disease.