Moreover, pro-inflammatory cytokines induced the expression of neurogenic factors, namely nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which promoted the sprouting of nerve fibers from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) into AF and NP, and augmented nerve survival, as well as the action and sensitivity of nociceptive associated cation channels in DRGs [3,10]. This evidence concerns the gene NGF and atrial fibrillation.